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The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) specifies a general-purpose data format and network protocol for transmitting digital media streams on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The details of media encoding, such as signal sampling rate, frame size and timing, are specified in an RTP payload format. The format parameters of the RTP payload are typically communicated between transmission endpoints with the Session Description Protocol (SDP), but other protocols, such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) may be used.

Audio and video payload types[edit]

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RFC 3551, entitled RTP Profile for Audio and Video (RTP/AVP), specifies the technical parameters of payload formats for audio and video streams.

The standard also describes the process of registering new payload types with IANA; additional payload formats and payload types are defined in the following specifications:

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  • RFC3551, Standard 65, RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control
  • RFC4856, Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences
  • RFC3190, RTP Payload Format for 12-bit DAT Audio and 20- and 24-bit Linear Sampled Audio
  • RFC6184, RTP Payload Format for H.264 Video
  • RFC3640, RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams
  • RFC6416, RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams
  • RFC2250, RTP Payload Format for MPEG1/MPEG2 Video
  • RFC7798, RTP Payload Format for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)
  • RFC2435, RTP Payload Format for JPEG-compressed Video
  • RFC4587, RTP Payload Format for H.261 Video Streams
  • RFC2658, RTP Payload Format for PureVoice Audio Video
  • RFC4175, RTP Payload Format for Uncompressed Video
  • RFC7587, RTP Payload Format for the Opus Speech and Audio Codec

Payload identifiers 96–127 are used for payloads defined dynamically during a session. It is recommended to dynamically assigned port numbers, although port numbers 5004 and 5005 have been registered for use of the profile when a dynamically assigned port is not required.

Applications should always support PCMU (payload type 0); previously, DVI4 (payload type 5) was also recommended, but this was removed in 2013 by RFC 7007.

Payload type (PT)NameTypeNo. of channelsClock rate (Hz)[note 1]Frame size (ms)Default packet size (ms)DescriptionReferences
0PCMUaudio18000any20ITU-T G.711 PCM μ-Law audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
1reserved (previously FS-1016CELP)audio18000reserved, previously FS-1016CELP audio 4.8 kbit/sRFC 3551, previously RFC 1890
2reserved (previously G721 or G726-32)audio18000reserved, previously ITU-T G.721ADPCM audio 32 kbit/s or ITU-T G.726 audio 32 kbit/sRFC 3551, previously RFC 1890
3GSMaudio180002020European GSM Full Rate audio 13 kbit/s (GSM 06.10)RFC 3551
4G723audio180003030ITU-T G.723.1 audioRFC 3551
5DVI4audio18000any20IMAADPCM audio 32 kbit/sRFC 3551
6DVI4audio116000any20IMAADPCM audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
7LPCaudio18000any20Experimental Linear Predictive Coding audio 5.6 kbit/sRFC 3551
8PCMAaudio18000any20ITU-T G.711 PCM A-Law audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551
9G722audio18000[note 2]any20ITU-T G.722 audio 64 kbit/sRFC 3551 - Page 14
10L16audio244100any20Linear PCM 16-bit Stereo audio 1411.2 kbit/s,[2][3][4] uncompressedRFC 3551, Page 27
11L16audio144100any20Linear PCM 16-bit audio 705.6 kbit/s, uncompressedRFC 3551, Page 27
12QCELPaudio180002020Qualcomm Code Excited Linear PredictionRFC 2658, RFC 3551
13CNaudio18000Comfort noise. Payload type used with audio codecs that do not support comfort noise as part of the codec itself such as G.711, G.722.1, G.722, G.726, G.727, G.728, GSM 06.10, Siren, and RTAudio.RFC 3389
14MPAaudio1, 2900008–72MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio onlyRFC 3551, RFC 2250
15G728audio180002.520ITU-T G.728 audio 16 kbit/sRFC 3551
16DVI4audio111025any20IMAADPCM audio 44.1 kbit/sRFC 3551
17DVI4audio122050any20IMA ADPCM audio 88.2 kbit/sRFC 3551
18G729audio180001020ITU-T G.729 and G.729a audio 8 kbit/s; Annex B is implied unless the annexb=no parameter is usedRFC 3551, Page 20, RFC 3555, Page 15
19reserved (previously CN)audioreserved, previously comfort noiseRFC 3551
25CELBvideo90000Sun CellB video[5]RFC 2029
26JPEGvideo90000JPEG videoRFC 2435
28nvvideo90000Xerox PARC's Network Video (nv)[6]RFC 3551, Page 32
31H261video90000ITU-T H.261 videoRFC 4587
32MPVvideo90000MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 videoRFC 2250
33MP2Taudio/video90000MPEG-2 transport streamRFC 2250
34H263video90000H.263 video, first version (1996)RFC 3551, RFC 2190
72–76reservedreserved because RTCP packet types 200–204 would otherwise be indistinguishable from RTP payload types 72–76 with the marker bit setRFC 3550, RFC 3551
77–95unassignednote that RTCP packet type 207 (XR, Extended Reports) would be indistinguishable from RTP payload types 79 with the marker bit setRFC 3551, RFC 3611
dynamicH263-1998video90000H.263 video, second version (1998)RFC 3551, RFC 4629, RFC 2190
dynamicH263-2000video90000H.263 video, third version (2000)RFC 4629
dynamic (or profile)H264 AVCvideo90000H.264 video (MPEG-4 Part 10)RFC 6184, previously RFC 3984
dynamic (or profile)H264 SVCvideo90000H.264 videoRFC 6190
dynamic (or profile)H265video90000H.265 video (HEVC)RFC 7798
dynamic (or profile)theoravideo90000Theora videodraft-barbato-avt-rtp-theora
dynamiciLBCaudio1800020, 3020, 30Internet low Bitrate Codec 13.33 or 15.2 kbit/sRFC 3952
dynamicPCMA-WBaudio1160005ITU-T G.711.1 A-lawRFC 5391
dynamicPCMU-WBaudio1160005ITU-T G.711.1 μ-lawRFC 5391
dynamicG718audio32000 (placeholder)20ITU-T G.718draft-ietf-payload-rtp-g718
dynamicG719audio(various)4800020ITU-T G.719RFC 5404
dynamicG7221audio16000, 3200020ITU-T G.722.1 and G.722.1 Annex CRFC 5577
dynamicG726-16audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 16 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG726-24audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 24 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG726-32audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 32 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG726-40audio18000any20ITU-T G.726 audio 40 kbit/sRFC 3551
dynamicG729Daudio180001020ITU-T G.729 Annex DRFC 3551
dynamicG729Eaudio180001020ITU-T G.729 Annex ERFC 3551
dynamicG7291audio1600020ITU-T G.729.1RFC 4749
dynamicGSM-EFRaudio180002020ITU-T GSM-EFR (GSM 06.60)RFC 3551
dynamicGSM-HR-08audio1800020ITU-T GSM-HR (GSM 06.20)RFC 5993
dynamic (or profile)AMRaudio(various)800020Adaptive Multi-Rate audioRFC 4867
dynamic (or profile)AMR-WBaudio(various)1600020Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband audio (ITU-T G.722.2)RFC 4867
dynamic (or profile)AMR-WB+audio1, 2 or omit7200013.3–40Extended Adaptive Multi Rate – WideBand audioRFC 4352
dynamic (or profile)vorbisaudio(various)(various)Vorbis audioRFC 5215
dynamic (or profile)opusaudio1, 248000[note 3]2.5–6020Opus audioRFC 7587
dynamic (or profile)speexaudio18000, 16000, 3200020Speex audioRFC 5574
dynamicmpa-robustaudio1, 29000024–72Loss-Tolerant MP3 audioRFC 5219 (previously RFC 3119)
dynamic (or profile)MP4A-LATMaudio90000 or othersMPEG-4 AudioRFC 6416 (previously RFC 3016)
dynamic (or profile)MP4V-ESvideo90000 or othersMPEG-4 VisualRFC 6416 (previously RFC 3016)
dynamic (or profile)mpeg4-genericaudio/video90000 or otherMPEG-4 Elementary StreamsRFC 3640
dynamicVP8video90000VP8 videoRFC 7741
dynamicVP9video90000VP9 videodraft-ietf-payload-vp9
dynamicL8audio(various)(various)any20Linear PCM 8-bit audio with 128 offsetRFC 3551 Section 4.5.10 and Table 5
dynamicDAT12audio(various)(various)any20 (by analogy with L16)IEC 61119 12-bit nonlinear audioRFC 3190 Section 3
dynamicL16audio(various)(various)any20Linear PCM 16-bit audioRFC 3551 Section 4.5.11, RFC 2586
dynamicL20audio(various)(various)any20 (by analogy with L16)Linear PCM 20-bit audioRFC 3190 Section 4
dynamicL24audio(various)(various)any20 (by analogy with L16)Linear PCM 24-bit audioRFC 3190 Section 4
dynamicrawvideo90000Uncompressed VideoRFC 4175
dynamicac3audio(various)32000, 44100, 48000Dolby AC-3 audioRFC 4184
dynamiceac3audio(various)32000, 44100, 48000Enhanced AC-3 audioRFC 4598
dynamict140text1000Text over IPRFC 4103
dynamicEVRC
EVRC0
EVRC1
audio8000EVRC audioRFC 4788
dynamicEVRCB
EVRCB0
EVRCB1
audio8000EVRC-B audioRFC 4788
dynamicEVRCWB
EVRCWB0
EVRCWB1
audio16000EVRC-WB audioRFC 5188
dynamicjpeg2000video90000JPEG 2000 videoRFC 5371
dynamicUEMCLIPaudio8000, 16000UEMCLIP audioRFC 5686
dynamicATRAC3audio44100ATRAC3 audioRFC 5584
dynamicATRAC-Xaudio44100, 48000ATRAC3+ audioRFC 5584
dynamicATRAC-ADVANCED-LOSSLESSaudio(various)ATRAC Advanced Lossless audioRFC 5584
dynamicDVvideo90000DV videoRFC 6469 (previously RFC 3189)
dynamicBT656videoITU-R BT.656 videoRFC 3555
dynamicBMPEGvideoBundled MPEG-2 videoRFC 2343
dynamicSMPTE292MvideoSMPTE 292M videoRFC 3497
dynamicREDaudioRedundant Audio DataRFC 2198
dynamicVDVIaudioVariable-rate DVI4 audioRFC 3551
dynamicMP1SvideoMPEG-1 Systems Streams videoRFC 2250
dynamicMP2PvideoMPEG-2 Program Streams videoRFC 2250
dynamictoneaudio8000 (default)toneRFC 4733
dynamictelephone-eventaudio8000 (default)DTMF toneRFC 4733
dynamicaptxaudio2 – 6(equal to sampling rate)4000 ÷ sample rate4[note 4]aptX audioRFC 7310
  1. ^The 'clock rate' is the rate at which the timestamp in the RTP header is incremented, which need not be the same as the codec's sampling rate. For instance, video codecs typically use a clock rate of 90000 so their frames can be more precisely aligned with the RTCP NTP timestamp, even though video sampling rates are typically in the range of 1–60 samples per second.
  2. ^Although the sampling rate for G.722 is 16000, its clock rate is 8000 to remain backwards compatible with RFC 1890, which incorrectly used this value.[1]
  3. ^Because Opus can change sampling rates dynamically, its clock rate is fixed at 48000, even when the codec will be operated at a lower sampling rate. The maxplaybackrate and sprop-maxcapturerate parameters in SDP can be used to indicate hints/preferences about the maximum sampling rate to encode/decode.
  4. ^For aptX, the packetization interval must be rounded down to the nearest packet interval that can contain an integer number of samples. So at sampling rates of 11025, 22050, or 44100, a packetization rate of '4' is rounded down to 3.99.

Text messaging payload[edit]

  • RFC4103, RTP Payload Format for Text Conversation

MIDI payload[edit]

  • RFC6295, RTP Payload Format for MIDI
  • RFC4696, An Implementation Guide for RTP MIDI

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^RFC 3551, RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control, H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, The Internet Society (July 2003).
  2. ^'RFC 2586 - The Audio/L16 MIME content type'. May 1999. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  3. ^'RFC 3108 - Conventions for the use of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) for ATM Bearer Connections'. May 2001. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  4. ^'RFC 4856 - Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences - Registration of Media Type audio/L16'. March 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  5. ^XIL Programmer's Guide, Chapter 22 'CellB Codec'. August 1997. Retrieved on 2014-07-19.
  6. ^nv - network video on Henning Schulzrinne's website, Network Video on The University of Toronto's website, Retrieved on 2009-07-09.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RTP_payload_formats&oldid=998289568'


Return to player (RTP) is very important in regard to the long-term chances of winning with slots. RTP (a.k.a. payback) refers to how much slot machines are programmed to pay out in the long run.

Higher payback means that a game gives you a stronger chance of winning. Therefore, you’ll do well to know the RTP behind any game that you play.

You’ll discover that it’s really easy to find payout percentages for online slot machine games. A simple Google search will produce the RTP for most internet games.

Unfortunately, you’ll have a much tougher time figuring out the RTP of land-based machines. In fact, this information is rarely available.

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Is there still a way for you to determine payout percentages for slot machines in brick-and-mortar casinos? I’ll answer this question by covering more on the difficulties of finding RTP for land-based slots and if it’s ultimately possible.

Why Isn’t RTP Available for Land-Based Slots?

Unlike with many online slots, you can’t just find the RTP for land-based slot machines through Google. Your efforts will turn up little to no results.

The problem with slots in brick-and-mortar casinos is that they don’t have uniform payback across every casino. Instead, game developers allow casinos to select payout percentages based on a list of options.

Here’s an example on how this works:

  • WMS is offering Monopoly Party Train slot to Vegas casinos.
  • They feature the following RTP options: 92.5%, 93.5%, and 94.5%.
  • Caesars Palace orders this game at 93.5% payback.
  • The Venetian orders Monopoly Party Train at 92.5% RTP.
  • Treasure Island orders this slot at 94.5% RTP.

You can see the obvious challenge in trying to provide payback numbers for such games. A website could list Monopoly Party Train at 93.5% RTP, which is middle ground.

But this figure will only be true for the casinos that have selected this amount. Meanwhile, it’ll be false across all of the other gambling establishments that choose a different pay schedule.

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Most online slot providers differ because they offer their games at a uniform RTP across every casino. For example, Rival Gaming will feature Spy Game with 95.1% payback at each online casino it serves.

Some exceptions do exist in the online gambling world. RealTime Gaming (RTG), for instance, allows its casino clients to choose 91.5%, 95%, or 97.5% RTP for a given game.

You can’t find payout percentages for RTG games either. Nevertheless, you can still learn the payback for the vast majority of internet slots.

How Can You Figure Out the RTP?


You won’t be able to find the exact payout percentages for most land-based slot machines. But you can at least get a good idea on the matter through a few different methods. Here are some ways to learn the RTP for brick-and-mortar casino slots.

Make General Guesses Based on Coin Denominations

Casinos like to reward gamblers who are willing to risk more money per bet. Therefore, they order higher RTP for games with larger coin denominations.

Here’s an example on how this works:

  • Penny slot machines = 88% to 90% RTP
  • Nickel slot machines = 91% to 94% RTP
  • Quarter slot machines = 93% to 95% RTP
  • Dollar slot machines = 94% to 96% RTP
  • $5 slot machines = 95% to 97% RTP

Penny slot machines are almost always the worst games with regard to payout percentages. Larger denominations ranging from a nickel to $5 are all closer in terms of payback.

Your theoretical losses will be higher on nickel games and up just because you’re betting more per spin. Nevertheless, you can still get more value per dollar wagered with the higher-denomination machines.

Read State Gaming Reports

Rather than making generalizations about coin sizes, you can always check out state gaming reports. These reports show the average payout percentages (or house edges) for each coin denomination within a given state’s casinos.

For example, you might look at a Nevada Gaming Commission (NGC) release and see that dollar slot machines are offering 94.79% RTP on average.

Interestingly enough, the NGC reports specific payout information for Megabucks. This IGT product is the most popular slot in all the popular Las Vegas casinos and warrants more detailed info.

Largely speaking, though, these reports only give general information about each coin denomination.

You won’t find the exact payout percentage for an individual game, but you’ll at least have a better guideline with these reports.

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Email a Casino and Ask

One more option involves emailing a casino directly and asking them about their RTP for a specific slot machine.

The problem here is that customer service will often state that they don’t have this information available. But in certain cases, you may actually receive a real answer.

You shouldn’t count on this method majority of the time. It’s at least worth trying, though, if you’re desperate to find out the RTP for certain slots.

What to Avoid When Searching for Land-Based Slots Payback

You can see that there are a few different options for determining the payback for land-based slot machines. But there are also measures that you want to avoid on your payback-finding quest, including the following.

Relying on Signs Inside of Casinos

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Many casinos hang signs above a bank of slot machines that will read something like, “Pays up to 99%.”

These signs are very effective at drawing players to slot machines. After all, who wouldn’t want to play a slot that only has a 1% house edge?

Unfortunately, these signs are also very misleading. Only one of the machines within the section has to offer 99% RTP.

The rest could pay as low as 90% RTP and still make the sign valid. Therefore, you can’t rely on much information that the casino supplies you with.

Furthermore, you have no real way of knowing which of the machines offers 99% payback. The only way to make a solid determination would be to play each game for a long time and judge their payout percentages.

Using One Good Session to Determine Quality Payback

Slots are extremely volatile games that may pay a lot one session, then offer very few prizes for the next five sessions. Therefore, you can never use any single outing to judge how a game pays.

Many gamblers still make this very mistake. They’ll have one hot session with a game and believe that it offers a high payout percentage.

It would be great if finding RTP for land-based slot machines was really this simple. The reality, though, is that it’s anything but.

Blindly Believing Ads for the “Loosest Slots”

I’ve seen plenty of ads for loose slot machines when driving on the interstate. These billboards suggest that a given casino features slots with high RTP or frequent payouts.

However, “loose” is a broad term that doesn’t really mean anything. State gaming laws don’t put parameters on what constitutes a loose game.

Casinos can make this claim, regardless of whether it’s true or not. That said, you should take any such advertisement with a grain of salt.

Conclusion

You may think negatively about land-based casinos upon being unable to find RTP for their slots. After all, you don’t have to spend much time at all finding payback for online slots.

However, providers are the ones who choose whether to or not to release payout percentages. They can’t accurately do this with slot machines at brick and mortar casinos, because providers feature different RTP options.

One casino may order a slot at 93% payback, while the next orders it at 95% RTP. Developers are therefore unable to offer a uniform payout percentage for each slot.

The good news, though, is that you don’t have to give up hope. Instead, you have a few options for finding general RTP figures.

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The easiest method is to make generalizations based on coin denominations. Simply put, the higher coin denominations usually offer better payback.

You can also read state gaming reports. These releases show the average amount that each coin denomination pays out within a given state’s gambling venues.

Finally, you can always email a casino directly and ask about a specific game. You won’t get the desired answer most of the time, but it’s worth trying.

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In summary, finding the RTP for an individual land-based slot is impossible in most cases. But you’ll still have a general idea on how much these slots pay by following the previously covered tips.